Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

Cipher Mining, Inc. operates as a Bitcoin mining ecosystem in the United States. The firm is developing a cryptocurrency business. The company was founded in 2021 and is headquartered in New York, NY.

December 31, 2025 • A few years back, many politicians were raising the alarm about the dangers of "CRT" in schools. Today, the new risk to public education is "DEI." What do both of these moments ...

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What's CODE SWITCH? It's the fearless conversations about race that you've been waiting for. Hosted by journalists of color, our podcast tackles the subject of race with empathy and humor. We explore ...

The mystery serial killer would claim the lives of at least five victims and was in the midst of his protracted cat-and-mouse game with police and the media. He had at that stage attacked two young ...

The Caesar Act was imposed in 2019 in response to widespread and systematic violations of human rights by the regime of former dictator Bashar al-Assad. By Abdi Latif Dahir and Reham Mourshed ...